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African Crop Science Journal
African Crop Science Society
ISSN: 1021-9730 EISSN: 1021-9730
Vol. 6, No. 1, 1998, pp. 19-28
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Bioline Code: cs98003
Full paper language: English
Document type: Research Article
Document available free of charge
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African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1998, pp. 19-28
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Kapkiyai, J.J.; Karanja, N.K.; Woomer, P. & Qureshi, J.N.
Résumé
Les fractions de la matiere organique du sol constituent un element
important pour la qualite des sols et pour le maintien de la productivite
des cultures dans les sysemes de production de petits fermiers. Les poold
de carbone organique du sol etaient determines et correle avec la
performance des cultures a la huiteme annee d'un essai de longue duree
installee sur un Nitosol restitution des chaumes de mais (+S), l'apport du
fumier de fer,e (+M), 10t ha-1 an-1)etaient testes dans un essai
factoriel 2 x 3 conccu de maniere a ressembler le plus aux options
d'amenagement de ressource par l'agriculteur. Le mais (Zea mays) et
la haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) etaient cultives en rotation chaque
anne, respectivement pendant la longue (mars-juin) et la petite
(octobre-decembre) saisons de pluie. Les rendements de mais ont varie de
1.21 (+S) et 5.21t ha-1(+SMF). Le haricot a produit entre 0.14 (+S) et
5.21 t ha-1(+SMF). Les rendements totaux des cultures etaient tres
significativement affectes par l'application du fumier et des engrais
mineraux (P<0.001); les chaumes de maiz pa contre n'avait pas d'effeet
significatif. Le carbone dans la biomasse microbienne du sol (MBC, r = 0.63),
le carbone organique dans les particules de sol (MBC, r = 0.82) et ses
fractions a base de densite variaient significativement avec le rendement
du mais et du haricot dans les parcelles n'ayant pas recu d'engrais
mineraux. Seul, le MBC etaint significativement correle avec le rendement
des cultures dans les parcelles fertilisees aux ebgrais mineraux (r = 0.50).
Le fumier de ferme a miux contibue au POC que les chaumes de mais ou les
engrais mineraux. Parmi les differentes fractions Ludox du POC, la fraction
la plis legere (<1.13g cm-3) etait la mieux correlee avec le rendement
des cultures (r = 0.73) tandis que la plus lourde (>1.37 g cm-3) montraint
la plus faible correlation avec le rendement (r -0.37). Lors de l'enquete de
190 petits exploitants du Kenya Centre, 79% de fermiers ont ete identifie
comme planteur de Mais-haricot, 79% de ces fermiers utilisaient a la fois
les chaumes de mais, le fumier et l'emgrais, mineral pour ,aintenir la
fertilite des terres. Ainsi, l'essai de longue duree de Kabete est
largement applicable au systeme de production des agriculteurs d'aux
environs. Les fractions de la matiere organique du sol etaient plus
favorablement influencees par l'application du fumier que la restitution
des chaumes de mais. Ceci monte que la pratique repandue des agriculteurs
de recolter les chaumes de mais pour les utiliser comme fourrage et de
collecter ensuite le fumier pour fertiliser les champs peut effectivement
contribuer a la gestion de la fertilite des sols.
Mots Clés
Carbone organique en particules de sol, fractions Ludox, biomasse microbienne du sol, hautes terres d'Afrique de l'Est, Kenya, essai de longue duree.
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Soil organic carbon fractions in a long-term experiment and the potential for their use as a diagnostic assay in highland farming systems of Central Kenya
Kapkiyai, J.J.; Karanja, N.K.; Woomer, P. & Qureshi, J.N.
Abstract
Soil organic matter fractions provide insight into soil quality and the
maintenance of crop productivity in smallhold cropping systems. Soil
organic carbon (SOC) pools were measured and compared to crop performance
during the eighteenth year of a long-term field experiment established on a
Humic Nitisol at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute. Maize stover
retention (+S), cattle manure (+M, 10 t ha-1 yr-1) and fertilizer inputs
(+F, 120 kg N and 23 kg P ha-1 yr-1) were compared in a 2 x 3 factorial
arrangement in a manner that is broadly reflective of farmer resource
management options. Maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris) were cultivated in rotation during the long (March-June) and
short (October-December) rains of each year, respectively. Maize yields
ranged between 1.21 (+S) and 5.21 t ha-1(+SMF). Beans produced between
0.14 (-S) and 0.77 t ha-1(+SMF). Total crop yields were significantly
affected by manure and fertilizer addition (P<0.001) but not stover
retention (P = 0.13). Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC, r = 0.63),
particulate organic carbon (POC, r = 0.82) and its density fractions varied
significantly with combined maize and bean yields in plots not receiving
fertilizers. Only MBC was significantly correlated with crop yields in the
inorganically fertilised treatments (r = 0.50). Livestock manure
contributed to POC to a greater extent than did retention of maize stover
or the addition of fertilizers. Of the different Ludox density fractions of
POC, the lightest (<1.13 g cm-3) was best correlated with crop yields (r
= 0.73) and the heaviest fraction (>1.37 g cm-3) least correlated with
yield (r = 0.37). When 190 Central Kenyan smallhold 'households' were
surveyed, 79% were classified as maize-bean farmers and 79% of these relied
on combinations of stover, manure and fertilizers to maintain soil
fertility. Thus, the long-term experiment at Kabete is broadly applicable
to the surrounding farming community. Soil organic matter fractions were
more favourably influenced by addition of livestock manure than the
retention of maize stover, suggesting that the widespread farmer practice
of harvesting maize stover as animal feed and returning animal wastes may
effectively contribute to soil fertility management.
Keywords
Particulate organic carbon, Ludox fractions, soil microbial biomass, East African Highlands, Kenya, long-term experiment
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© Copyright 1998 - African Crop Science Society
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