Rwanda Medical Journal

EDITORS

CHIEF EDITOR:
Leon Mutesa, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Centre for Human Genetics
University of Rwanda

DEPUTY CHIEF EDITORS:
Peter Cartledge, MD, BSC, MBChB (Leeds), PCME, MSc
Assistant Professor
Yale University, Rwanda Human Resources for Health (HRH) Program
University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda

Joseph Mucumbitsi, MD, MPH
Honorary Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics
King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda

MEDICAL EDITOR & EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Fidele Byiringiro, MD, MCS(ECSA)
Department of Surgery
University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda

EDITORIAL BOARD

Jesse Raiten, MD
Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Perioperative Medicine
University of Pennsylvania, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Philadelphia, USA

Paulin Banguti, MD
Anesthesiology, Critical Care, Cardiac Anesthesiologist
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Vedaste Ndahindwa, MD, MSc
Biostatistics & Public health
School Public Health
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Michael Sinclair, MD
Cardiothoracic surgery
CHUB, Butare, Rwanda

Linda Baxter, CNM, MS
Clinical Educator & nursing
Great Barrington MA, USA

Maria Kidner, APRN, DNP, FNP-BC, FAANP
Clinical Educator & nursing
Essentia Health, Fargo, North Dakota, USA

Brian Swan, DDS, MPH
Dentistry
Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA. USA

Eleana Stoufi, DDS, MSc, PhD
Dentistry, Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology
Harvard School of Dental Medicine

Ladan Basiri, MA, DMD
Dentistry
Washington DC, USA

Amelia Pousson, MD, MPH
Emergency medicine
CHUK, Kigali, Rwanda

Giles Cattermole, BM, BCh, FRCEM, DTM&H
Emergency medicine & Medical ethics
King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, London UK

Katie Cartledge, BSc, MBChB, DRCOG, DFSRH, RCGP
Family medicine & Medical education
International dispensary & UR, Kigali Rwanda

Tim Walker, MBBS(Hons), FRACP, MPHTM
Gastroenterology, Internal medicine & Tropical medicine.
Department of Medicine, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.

Geldine Chironda, BSc, MSc, PhD
General Nursing, nephrology & Public Health
Human Resources for Health, Rwanda

Georges Ntakiyiruta, MD, MMed, FCS(ECSA)
General Surgery
Ejo Heza Surgical Center, Kigali
University of Rwanda

Lilian Omondi, BSc, MSc, PhD
General & Surgical Nursing
New York University School of Nursing, NY, USA
University of Rwanda, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kigali

Florence Masaisa, MD, PhD
Hematology & Internal Medicine
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Claude Mambo Muvunyi, MD, PhD
Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Renee Pyburn, MSN, RN
Nursing
Rock Springs Behavioral Health,
Georgetown, TX.

Sheila Shabu, Bed, MSc, PhD
General Nursing
New York University School of Nursing and Human Resources for Health Program, University of Rwanda School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kigali. Rwanda

Cameron Page, MD
Internal Medicine
Brooklyn, New York, USA

Dirk Van Leeuwen, MD, PhD, FAASLD
Internal Medicine
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH, USA

Krs Bujarski, MD
Internal medicine & Neurology
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA

Norbert Lameire, MD, PhD
Nephrology, Internal Medicine
Retired Professor of Medicine, University of Gent, Belgium

Joseph Friedman, MD
Neurology
New York, USA

Douglas Blackwell, MD, MPH
Pathology
St Louis University, Missouri, USA

Justin Wane, MD, MMed
Pathology
King Faisal Hospital, Rwanda

Craig Conard, MD, MPH, FAAP
Pediatrics, Community health & Medical Education
Yale University, Human Resources for Health, Rwanda

Natalie McCall, MD, MPH, FAAP
Pediatric emergency medicine
Yale University, Human Resources for Health, Rwanda

Tanya Rogo, MD, MPH&TM
Pediatrics & Infectious diseases
Brown University, Human Resources for Health, Rwanda

Stefan Jansen, MSc, PhD
Psychology & Mental Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Steven Rulisa, MD, PhD
Reproductive Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Chantal Ingabire, MSc
Social & Community Health
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

David Skavadhl, MD
Surgery (general)
Maine Medical Center, Portland Maine USA

Jean Claude Byiringiro, MD, MMed, FCS(ECSA)
Surgery (Orthopedics)
Surgery (Education)
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Rwanda, Kigali

Aline Uwimana, MD, MPH
Tropical & Infectious Diseases
Rwanda Biomedical Center