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Biopolicy International
African Centre for Technology Studies
Num. 10, 1993, pp. 1-37
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CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY : National Interests and
Global Imperatives : Conference Report (Part 1 of 2)
Code: RE93010
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International Conference on the Convention on Biological
Diversity: National Interests and Global Imperatives
26-29 January 1993
Organized by the
Biopolicy Institute of the
African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Nairobi, Kenya
and the
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden
in the Framework of the Global Biodiversity Forum
Held at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
ACTS, 1993
Published in Kenya in 1993 by Acts Press,
African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS)
P.O. Box 45917, Nairobi, Kenya
Crescent Road, Opposite M.P. Shah Hospital, Parklands
Tel.: (254-2) 744047, 744095; Fax: 743995
and
ACTS Biopolicy Institute,
Witmakersstraat 10
6211 JB Maastricht, The Netherlands
Tel.: (31-43) 258499; Fax: 258433
Published in conjunction with the Finnish International
Development Agency (FINNIDA), Government of Norway, Initiatives
Limited, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Pew
Scholars Programme in Conservation and the Environment, Stockholm
Environment Institute (SEI), Swedish Agency for Research
Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), Swedish
International Development Authority (SIDA), Swedish Society for
Nature Conservation (SSNC), United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) and WRI/IUCN/UNEP Biodiversity Programme.
Typeset and design by Initiatives Publishers
P.O. Box 69313, Nairobi, Kenya
Tel.: (254-2) 744047, 744095; Fax: 743995
Printed by Marvel epz (Kenya) Ltd., P.O. Box 32636, Nairobi
Cataloguing in Publication Data
Convention on biological diversity: national interests and global
imperatives.Nairobi, Kenya : Acts Press, African Centre for
Technology Studies, 1993.
ISBN 9966-41-064-3
The African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) is a
not-for-profit institution that conduct policy research,
undertakes training and disseminates information. The Centre
holds the view that technological change, environmental
management and institutional innovation are crucial to
sustainable development. ACTS has a national focus and an
international perspective and collaborates with the un,
governmental, inter-governmental, private and academic
institutions as well as others with similar objectives. The
Centre operates through its headquarters in Nairobi and the ACTS
Biopolicy Institute at Maastricht, The Netherlands. Acts Press
is an autonomous wing of ACTS and operates under an independent
editorial policy.
Introduction 1
Issues and proposals 3
Making an early start 3
Regulating access to biological resources 4
Enhancing technological capacity 8
Recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples
and local communities 11
Forging equal partnerships between and
within countries 12
Strengthening human capacity through
training and research 13
Coordinating international negotiations 14
Facilitating implementation 15
Follow-up activities 17
Conference agenda 18
List of participants 24
Acknowledgments 32
Supporting agencies 33
The International Conference on the Convention on Biological
Diversity: National Interests and Global Imperatives was
organized by the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) and
the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). It was held at the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters in
Nairobi, Kenya (January 2629, 1993), as a follow-up to the
Convention which was signed by 157 countries at the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio
de Janeiro (June 314, 1992).
The Nairobi conference was essentially a dialogue between the
research community and policy-makers. At the Rio meeting, the
developing countries saw to it that their major concerns were
reflected in the Convention. They relied on well-established
principles such as sovereignty and fair distribution of global
resources. The basic principles having been established, more
technical negotiations will follow. Thus, the next level of
negotiations will require considerable technical input.
Developing countries stand to benefit in future negotiations if
they start mobilizing their research institutions to prepare
studies and generate information that could assist in the
implementation process. While the researchers put their
analytical minds to the details of the Convention, they need the
guidance of policy-makers on the practical aspects of
implementing the Convention at a national level. It is against
this background that the conference was organized, bringing
together researchers and policy-makers. To provide a conducive
environment for the free exchange of ideas, participants to the
conference were invited in their personal capacity and their
views do not necessarily represent the positions of their
countries or institutions.
The conference built on:
* the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by the
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on a Convention on
Biological Diversity (INC) and signed by 160 countries and the
European Economic Community (EEC) and ratified by six countries
including Canada and the Peoples Republic of China;
* the outcome of UNCED as contained in Agenda 21; and
* expertise from the panels established by UNEP to prepare for
the first meeting of the International Committee of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (ICCBD) to be held in
September 1993. The conference was held in the framework of the
WRI/UNEP/IUCN Global Biodiversity Programme.
The conference was attended by participants from 40 countries
invited in their individual capacity. The 140 participants came
from state agencies, inter-governmental organs, non-governmental
organizations (NGO's), research institutions and the private
sector. The discussions were based on 30 papers which were
specifically solicited on issues relating to national
sovereignty, technology development and transfer, financing
mechanisms, the Conventions relationships with other agreements,
the relationship between Parties and non-Parties, implementation
measures and interim measures. Those issues that relate to the
conservation of biodiversity per se will be addressed at the
Norway/unep Expert Conference on Biodiversity in Norway in May
1993. The two meetings, as well as the International Conference
on Biodiversity Country Studies held in Costa Rica in November
1992, are part of the preparatory efforts to contribute to the
first meeting of the ICCBD.
The objectives of the conference were to:
1. identify ways of translating the Convention on Biological
Diversity into national and international implementation
programmes;
2. generate ideas for the formulation and implementation of
protocols to the Convention and clarification of its
provisions;
3. consider the establishment of the Global Biodiversity Forum
proposed in the wri/unep/iucn Global Biodiversity Strategy;
and
4. assist research institutions in formulating research
programmes that will contribute to further negotiations on
the
Convention and its implementation.
The following section presents the issues and proposals, which
do not necessarily represent a consensus among participants,
which emerged from the conference.
Making an early start
There is an urgent need for all countries to ratify the
Convention and to introduce new legislation and administrative
measures dealing with issues such as the conservation of
biodiversity, access to biological resources, sharing of benefits
from biological resources and biotechnology development.
The ratification of the Convention should be linked to the
mobilization of ngos, local communities and indigenous peoples
to fully participate in the implementation process. National
research institutions should be more actively involved in
assessing the requirements for the implementation of the
Convention and should work closely with governmental agencies in
developing national legislation on various aspects of the
implementation of the Convention.
Implementing the Convention will require decisive national
actions to introduce biodiversity concerns into the various
economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry, wildlife and
fisheries to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of
biological resources. Equally, the role of agriculture, forestry,
fisheries and other sectoral activities in the management of
biodiversity should receive adequate attention in the
implementation of the Convention.
Implementing the Convention will require dialogues and open
discussions at the national and regional levels to mobilize broad
support for the implementation process and provide a basis for
identifying issues that require attention. The relationships
between the state on the one hand, and ngos, indigenous peoples
and local communities on the other, is critical to the
implementation of the Convention and needs to be urgently
clarified and codified in legislation.
The ability of nations to implement the Convention will depend
partly on their human and institutional capacity to deal with the
implementation measures. Developing countries require external
support to complement local efforts in fields such as training,
research and institution-building. This will enable them to build
up a critical mass of professionals in the fields of biodiversity
and to ensure competent and sustained leadership at the national
level.
International co-operation is essential for the implementation
of the Convention, especially in addressing poverty and
over-consumption issues of relevance to the Convention. However,
many of the necessary measures for the effective implementation
of the Convention are available at the national level. In this
respect, governments will need to put in place measures that
facilitate the mobilization of such scientific, technical,
financial and human resources.
Regulating access to biological resources
While the Convention recognizes the notion of national
sovereignty over biological or natural resources, it also
stresses the fact that the conservation of such resources is a
common concern of humankind. In this respect, every party to the
Convention has an obligation to safeguard these resources. Plant
genetic resources found in tropical countries were previously to
some extent regarded as a common heritage of mankind which should
be available to researchers and foreign companies without
restriction. But by the early 1980s, developing countries
increasingly felt that it was unjust to allow multinational
corporations to obtain free genetic resources in order to develop
patented products that were then sold back to the developing
countries at high prices.
By the time the negotiations on the Convention began in 1990,
developing countries were firmly opposed to the common heritage
of mankind position. Instead, they sought to link multinational
corporations access to genetic resources in the South to
developing countries access to products developed in the North
from those genetic materials, arguing that access to genetic
resources should be a matter for mutual agreement between
countries. The developing countries therefore moved,
successfully, to place access to plant genetic resources under
the principle of sovereign control of states, thus forcing
corporations to negotiate with the state itself for access to the
resources.
The success of that strategy was reflected in the Convention in
the adoption of Article 15 which recognizes the sovereign rights
of states over their natural resources and gives national
governments authority to determine access to genetic resources
within their territories on mutually agreed terms. The Article
also calls for sharing in a fair and equitable way the results
of research and development and the benefits arising from the
commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the
contracting party providing such resources.
Previously, there were fewer economic incentives for developing
countries to undertake biodiversity conservation efforts, because
they had no way of capturing any significant proportion of the
economic benefits derived from these resources. The above
provisions are therefore aimed at providing economic incentives
for developing countries to conserve those resources. The
developed countries are major beneficiaries of genetic resources
found in developing countries because they are better equipped
to explore for valuable resources, develop new technologies based
on the resources and commercialize the products. The Convention
provides a framework that may strengthen the power of developing
countries to negotiate for benefits from biological diversity.
However, it will be up to individual nations to take appropriate
legislative and regulatory steps to achieve these benefits. From
a conservation standpoint, unless developing countries do see
such benefits from these resources, the political will to
conserve them will be less than might otherwise be the case.
There is a need to carefully examine and analyze the Conventions
provisions on regulated access to biological resources at the
national level because some of them may prove difficult to
implement and a certain degree of harmonization of legislation
of the contracting parties might be relevant. New legislation,
administrative measures and practices, such as registers of
biological resources, will need to be formulated in various
countries to enable the implementation of the provision.
Developed countries have been known to obtain biological
resources from developing countries, modify them and apply for
intellectual property rights for the modified product. In light
of the requirement in the Convention that access to genetic
resources shall be subject to prior informed consent of the
Contracting party providing such resources, there is a need to
introduce measures which require applicants for patents to
provide proof that the biological material in respect of which
intellectual property rights are being sought by them were
legally acquired. The requirement for prior consent implies that
a developed countrys access to genetic resources should be
considered illegal if it has not been consented to by the
developing country.
For that requirement to be given effect, the developing country
needs to enact a prohibition on other countries access to its
genetic resources without prior approval, although the wording
of the Convention suggests that the mere fact that no legislation
regulating the access is in existence implies that access is
prohibited. At the same time, the developed country should enact
legislation stating that access to and importation of genetic
resources without a licence from the developing country is
illegal. To demand approval of access to genetic resources from
a country which itself does not restrict other countries access
to its genetic resources would be absurd. It would be even more
absurd if the importation of genetic resources under such
circumstances were to be considered illegal. Therefore, early and
efficient fulfillment of the requirement of prior consent in turn
requires simultaneous and harmonized legislation among developed
and developing countries where such legislation has not already
been adopted. The initiative must, however, come from the
developing countries, for, if they make access to their genetic
resources by developed countries subject to approval, this will
be a condition for restricting the importation of genetic
resources by developed countries.
Specific areas that require attention include introduction of
regulations governing the collection of biological resources.
Contracts between the collectors, national authorities and the
suppliers of biological resources can help ensure that the
exchange of biological resources generates immediate as well as
long-term benefits for the countries containing the resources.
Since the developing countries are not in a position to correctly
assess the potential value of genetic resources in the initial
stages of exploitation (particularly due to lack of information),
it will be important to devise contracts for access to genetic
resources carefully, negotiating the terms for actual commercial
exploitation when greater information about the potential value
of the resource is available.
The preamble to the Convention recognizes the close and
traditional dependence of many indigenous and local communities
embodying traditional life-styles on biological resources, and
the desirability of sharing equitably benefits arising from the
use of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices relevant
to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable
use of its components. Such contracts should, therefore, in
addition, include the requirement to equitably share benefits
with indigenous peoples and local communities.
Other measures such as a national monitoring council composed of
members of local communities and indigenous peoples need to be
introduced. Developing countries are urged to establish
programmes that would strengthen inter-country cooperation in
research and development and collective bargaining with the
industrialized countries.
Enhancing technological capacity
Although the Convention does not make express provision for a
trade-off between access to genetic resources and access to
transfer of technology, it establishes a clear link between the
supply of genetic resources (by developing to developed
countries) and access to and transfer of technology (from
developed to developing countries), which makes use of those
resources. This link can be utilized to enable the suppliers of
biological resources on the one hand, and suppliers of sources
of technology, on the other, to benefit from collaborative
ventures. One way to achieve this is to establish partnerships
under which nations or institutions bring together their genetic
and technological resources in collaborative ventures. This
approach would allow the industrialized countries to gain access
to biological resources while enhancing the technological
competence of the developing countries.
Under such a venture, the developing country would not have to
give away evaluated and characterized genetic material to a
foreign enterprise (presumably that of a developed country)
interested in further development and eventual commercialization
of derived products. The foreign enterprise would bring into the
partnership its advanced technological know-howespecially in the
field of biotechnology. Both the evaluated and characterized
genetic material of the developing country and the technological
know-how of the foreign enterprise would be considered as
background information belonging to each contributor, while any
new or improved material or product generated through the
collaboration would become foreground knowledge whose benefits
are to be shared by the partners.
Developing countries have often argued that intellectual property
rights are the main obstacle to access to biotechnology. While
this may be true to some extent, it is important to note that
most of the technologies needed by the developing countries are
in the public domain, either in the formal or informal sectors.
The formal sector includes all public sector research
institutions while the informal sector includes all local
communities which generate and maintain knowledge related to
biodiversity. The required technology can, therefore, be acquired
through conventional programmes such as training, information
exchange and access to patent information. Since the Convention
respects intellectual property rights, it provides an opportunity
for developing countries to have access to patent information
through industrial property offices. There is, however, a need
to review the appropriateness of the existing and proposed
intellectual property rights systems and to assess their impact
on the conservation of biodiversity.
The ability of the developing countries to benefit from their
biological resources will depend largely on the extent to which
they integrate biotechnology development into their development
strategies. Each developing country needs to determine its
national needs and decide how much to invest in biotechnology
development in relation to other development activities. There
is, however, a need to give priority to biotechnology development
as a strategic sector that would enable the developing country
to derive economic benefits from the conservation of biological
resources. This should include specific measures that build on
the technological competence already available in the country as
well as the acquisition of foreign technology.
Technological development need not be an expensive process that
relies on external inputs and massive financial resources,
contrary to popular belief in developing countries. This belief
stems from their limited perception of technology transfer as
representing the flow of equipment, skills, managerial competence
and technical specifications from developed to developing
countries, in relation to the production of goods. Developing
countries should instead perceive technology transfer as the
accumulation of technological capacitythe ability to generate and
manage technical change, including the related skills, knowledge
and experience as well as institutional structures and networks.
The relevance of each technology to the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity needs to be carefully assessed
in technology transfer arrangements, with special attention to
the need to build on indigenous technologies and prior knowledge.
Such technology assessments should take into account the impacts
of technological development upon biological resources.
The institutions necessary to manage biosafety are still nascent
in most developing countries. The ability of these countries to
effectively implement the biosafety provisions of the Convention
will depend largely on their institutional capacity in the field.
There is therefore a need to incorporate biosafety considerations
into biotechnology development programmes.
Recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local
communities
Indigenous peoples and local communitiesespecially women in these
groupsare the custodians of much of the worlds biological
resources. But there are inequalities between institutions that
safeguard intellectual property rights and those that protect the
rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. This
imbalance weakens the ability of indigenous peoples and local
communities to derive benefits from conserving biological
resources and to assert rights over the resources in their areas.
There is a need to introduce at the national level legal measures
that recognize the role and rights of indigenous peoples and
local communities as well as the relevant institutional
competence in conserving biological resources and improving local
varieties. There is a need to put greater emphasis on supporting
and rewarding fairly the work carried out by local communities
and indigenous peoples to maintain agrobiodiversity.
One way to strengthen the provisions on indigenous knowledge is
to formulate a protocol covering cultural property protection and
other rights of indigenous peoples. A working group dealing with
how existing instruments for the protection of intellectual and
cultural property can be extended to protection of knowledge and
biological resources of indigenous and traditional peoples should
be set up by the Convention secretariat. It should also suggest
how additional instruments could be established to ensure such
protection. In addition, the institutional capacity of indigenous
peoples to manage their own affairs needs to be strengthened.
Forging equal partnerships between and within countries
The developing countries are not merely suppliers of raw
materials, but are also important sources of technology often
embodied in indigenous knowledge. This, together with their
biological resources, should form a basis for forging equitable
partnerships within and between countries. Such partnerships can
promote the fair distribution of benefits derived from the use
of indigenous knowledge and biological resources.
In the interest of ensuring equitable partnerships among and
within countries, an ombudsman or legal council office as well
as arbitration mechanisms should be established in the Convention
secretariat to support rural communities, indigenous peoples and
national efforts to defend their rights under the Convention or
the relevant national legislation.
Strengthening human capacity through training and research
The role of basic research in the acquisition and development of
biotechnology has often been understated. Developing countries
need to build up research and institutional capacity in the
biological and information sciences, especially in molecular
biology, genetics, taxonomy and population biology. Such training
should also be extended to parataxonomists. There is a need to
formulate a protocol on research and training which would provide
guidelines on collaborative research, equitable sharing of
benefits and handling of biological resources.
The implementation of the Convention will need to draw from a
wide range of experiences in the field of biodiversity
conservation as well as other fields. Efforts to undertake case
studies on current and past practices could be a source of ideas
for formulating implementation measures. These studies will be
of relevance to the Conference of Parties. It is important
therefore that governments, donor agencies and other institutions
provide financial and other support to enable research
institutions to generate information that could be used by the
Conference of Parties.
The development of information networks as part of the
infrastructure for research and development is critical to the
process of technological development. Efforts should be made to
strengthen this process and improve the policy and administrative
environment for trans-border data flow.
Developing countries can also enhance their ability to derive
benefits from biological resources by seeking new ways to add
value to their biological resources. The value of such raw
materials is relatively low. Value can be added by establishing
or encouraging institutions to undertake identification,
collection, and screening of biological resources for their
economic value. This will enable the developing countries to
share the benefits of biotechnological research and strengthen
their scientific, technological and institutional capacity. Such
technological capacity could be applied in the development of
other sectors of the economy.
Ensuring that biodiversity benefits are fairly distributed
requires a more detailed understanding of the value of
biodiversity. Conventional economic approaches cannot adequately
deal with this matter, although environmental and ecological
economics provide new perspectives as to the valuation of
biodiversity and other environmental assets. Such valuation of
biodiversity would assist in the identification of costs,
benefits and unmet needs for conservation.
A number of donors are starting to support research-related
aspects of the Convention. These activities are of critical
importance to the efforts of research institutions to elaborate
the various aspects of the Convention. It is important that they
receive sustained support. In return, the outputs of these
institutions should be availed to the governmental agencies
responsible for implementing the Convention and carrying out
further negotiations on the Convention, as well as to ngos and
other institutions.
Coordinating international negotiations
The ratification and implementation of the Convention could also
provide a strong base for countries to argue for more
environmentally-sensitive rules governing international trade.
Efforts should be made to co-ordinate the work of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt) with that of the Convention
at the United Nations and governmental levels. It is recognized
that international agreements which have direct relevance to the
Convention are being negotiated. Of particular importance are the
discussions currently underway under the gatt. It is important
to closely monitor the implications of the gatt negotiations for
implementation of the Convention.
Facilitating implementation
Effecting some of the articles in the Convention will require
separate protocols covering issues such as research and training,
biosafety, cultural property of indigenous peoples, technology
development, and access to biological resources. Formulating such
protocols will need to be supported by research back-up and a
broad process of consultation that includes local communities,
indigenous peoples and ngos.
The proposal to establish the Global Biodiversity Forum to
complement the work of the Convention is timely and relevant. The
Forum will explore and debate issues and policy options, foster
information flow, and build interest and widespread support from
local communities, industry, resource managers, scientists and
government officials of all relevant sectors. Regional dialogues
on issues of concern need to be initiated as part of the process
of establishing a constituency for the implementation of the
Convention. It was considered essential to maintain an open and
inclusive group which would facilitate regional dialogues
essential to setting up the Forum.
The existing financing mechanisms for the Convention require
reforms to make them more transparent, democratic and universal
in their governance. The resources available through these
mechanisms cannot meet current conservation needs and there is
an urgent need to identify innovative measures of mobilizing
additional finances at national and international levels.
While it is recognized that ngos did not play a major role during
the negotiations for the Convention, their diversity and varied
competence are critical to its implementation. ngos must be
involved in the implementation of the Convention at the
international, regional, national and local level. Their
activities should be seen as essential and complementary to
governmental measures. The Conference of Parties should provide
a framework for the active involvement of ngos, indigenous
peoples, local community representatives and other independent
participants. An ngo liaison office should be established to
support ngo involvement in the activities of the Convention.
There are no specific provisions in the convention to preclude
the exchange of biological resources between Parties and
non-Parties. Such exchange would allow countries to benefit from
the implementation of the Convention without joining it. There
is a need for Parties to introduce national measures that
preclude free-riding by non-Parties and to subsequently seek a
multilateral arrangement through a relevant amendment to the
Convention.
The most immediate follow-up activity is the dissemination of the
results of the conference. This will be done through the
publication of the report of the conference and release of the
papers in the Biopolicy International series.
ACTS will embark on research to generate options on how some
aspects of the Convention can be translated into national and
international policies and programmes. The research will
elaborate on national and international implementation measures
as well as elements for protocols to the Convention. Other issues
will include elaborating on measures that would further the
objectives of the Convention such as the need for regional
co-operation arrangements on the conservation and sustainable use
of biodiversity.
The research agenda will be part of a volume, Biodiplomacy:
Genetic Resources and International Relations, which will include
selected papers from the conference and other contributions. The
volume will be available before the first meeting of iccbd. The
results of the research will be availed to governments,
inter-governmental agencies, research institutions, iccbd, ngos
and other relevant institutions as a joint effort with UNEP, the
World Resources Institute (wri) and other relevant institutions.
ACTS will also continue with its efforts to prepare model
legislation for the implementation of the Convention.
The government of Norway will host the Norway/unep Expert
Conference on Biodiversity on 2428 May 1993 which will provide
another opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the
Convention. This, and the first meeting of iccbd in September
1993 will also provide another opportunity to further the
proposal for the Global Biodiversity Forum.
Monday January 25
17:00-19:00 Registration and Reception (Panafric Hotel)
Tuesday January 26
08:30-09:30 Registration
Session 1: Official Opening
Conference Chairman: Ambassador Vicente Snchez, Embassy
of Chile, Nairobi
Opening Statements
09:30-09:45 Opening Remarks
Dr. Calestous Juma, African Centre for Technology
Studies, Nairobi
09:45-09:50 Message from the Province of Limburg, The
Netherlands
Read by Prof. J.B. Ojwang, ACTS Governing Council
09:50-10:20 Welcoming and Opening Address
Mrs. Elizabeth Dowdeswell, Executive Director,
United Nations Environment Programme
10:20-10:50 Break
Keynote Speeches
10:50-11:20 Global Biodiversity Strategy: Progress and
Prospects
Dr. Kenton Miller, World Resources Institute,
Washington, DC
11:20-11:50 Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges and
Opportunities
H.E. Ambassador Vicente Snchez, Embassy of Chile,
Nairobi
11:50-12:30 Discussion
12:30-14:00 Lunch
Session 2: Overview
Chair: Ambassador Vicente Snchez
14:00-14:20 International Environmental Law and National
Interests
Prof. Charles O. Okidi, Moi University, Eldoret,
Kenya
14:20-14:40 Technology Issues in the Convention on Biological
Diversity
Dr. Abdulqawi Yusuf, UNCTAD, New York
14:40-15:40 Discussion
15:40-16:10 Break
Session 3: National Considerations
Chair: Mr. Wilson Masilingi, Ministry of Tourism, Natural
Resources and Environment, Dar es Salaam
16:10-16:30 The Convention on Biological Diversity and India
Prof. Ashish Kothari, Indian Institute of Public
Administration, New Delhi
16:30-16:50 The Convention on Biological Diversity and the
United States
Ms. Kristin Rosendal, Fridtjof Nansen Institute,
Oslo
16:50-17:40 Discussion
Wednesday January 27
Session 4: Access to Genetic Resources
Chair: Dr. Peter Johan Schei, Directorate of Nature
Management, Norway
08:30-08:50 The Convention on Biological Diversity and
National Sovereignty
Ms. Hanne Svarstad, University of Oslo
08:50-09:10 Legal Difficulties of Implementing Article 15 of
the Convention on Biological Diversity (Access to
Genetic Resources)
Dr. Christian Prip, Ministry of the Environment,
Horsholm, Denmark
09:10-09:40 Discussion
09:40-10:00 An Enhanced Role for Agrobiodiversity in Global
Conservation Policy
Dr. David Wood, International Germplasm
Associates, Rochester, UK
10:00-10:20 In-situ Conservation of Indigenous African
Livestock Breeds
Dr. J.E.O. Rege, International Livestock Centre
for Africa, Addis Ababa
10:20-10:50 Discussion
10:50-11:20 Break
11:20-11:40 Sustaining Biological Diversity: A Successful Case
History
Dr. John Buffington, US Department of the
Interior, Washington, DC
11:40-12:00 Farmers Rights and the Convention on Biological
Diversity
Prof. Vandana Shiva, Research Foundation for
Science, Technology and Natural Resources Policy,
Dehradun, India
12:00-12:30 Discussion
12:30-14:00 Lunch
Session 5: Access to and Transfer of Biotechnology
Chair: Dr. Abdulqawi Yusuf, UNCTAD, New York
14:00-14:20 Science and Technology in the Context of Global
Environmental Issues
Dr. Amrita Achanta, Tata Energy Research
Institute, New Delhi
14:20-14:40 International Cooperation and Intellectual
Property Rights
Dr. Manuel Illescas, Spanish Patent and Trade Mark
Office, Madrid
14:40-15:10 Discussion
15:10-15:40 Break
Session 6: Indigenous Knowledge and Information Exchange
Chair: Prof. Vandana Shiva, Research Foundation for Science,
Technology and Natural Resources Policy, Dehradun, India
15:40-16:00 Indigenous Knowledge in Biodiversity Conservation:
Ethiopian Examples
Prof. Shibru Tedla, University of Addis Ababa
16:00-16:20 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Biodiversity
Conservation
Dr. Byarugaba A. Kamara, Division of the
Environment, Dar es Salaam
16:20-16:40 Indigenous Knowledge and Intellectual Property
Dr. Darell Posey, Institute of Ethnobotany,
Amazonia, Brazil
16:40-17:30 Discussion
Thursday January 28
Session 7: Handling of Biotechnology and Distribution of its
Benefits
Chair: Dr. Veit Koester, Ministry of the Environment, Horsholm,
Denmark
08:30-08:50 Biosafety and the Convention on Biological
Diversity
Dr. John Forje, Yaound, Cameroon
08:50-09:10 Valuing Biodiversity: Recent Economic and
Empirical Approaches
Dr. Katrina Brown, University of East Anglia,
Norwich, UK
09:10-09:40 Discussion
09:40-10:00 Sharing of Benefits: The Question is How
Ms. Simone Bilderbeek, Netherlands Committee for
IUCN
10:00-10:20 Biodiversity Prospecting: Strategies for Sharing
Benefits
Dr. Walter V. Reid, World Resources Institute,
Washington, DC
10:20-10:50 Discussion
10:50-11:20 Break
Session 8: Research and Training
Chair: Dr. Marie Bystrm, Swedish International Development
Authority, Stockholm
11:20-11:40 Strategies for Increasing Knowledge on Africas
Biodiversity
Dr. A.A. Oteng-Yeboah, University of Ghana, Legon
11:40-12:00 Biotechnological Capacity-building in Africa:
Research and Training
Dr. A.M. Sendaro, Moi University, Kenya
12:00-12:20 Community-based Biodiversity Conservation: IDRCs
Initiative
Dr. Joachim Voss, International Development
Research Centre, Ottawa
12:20-13:00 Discussion
13:00-14:00 Lunch
Session 9: Financial and Implementation Mechanisms
Chair: Dr. Peter Jutro, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC
14:00-15:00 Panel Discussion: The Global Biodiversity Forum
Dr. Kenton Miller, World Resources Institute, USA
Ms. Beatriz Schulthess, Earth Council, Costa Rica
Dr. Margaret Evans, Christian Michelsen Institute,
Bergen, Norway
Dr. Wale Ajay, Nigerian Institute of Advanced
Legal Studies, Lagos
Ms. Simone Bilderbeek, Committee for IUCN, The
Netherlands
15:00-15:30 Discussion
15:30-16:00 Break
16:00-16:20 Financial Mechanisms and the Convention on
Biological Diversity
Dr. Esbern Friis-Hansen, Centre for Development
Research, Copenhagen
16:20-16:40 In-country Participation in the Implementation of
the Convention on Biological Diversity
Dr. Tim Johnson, World Conservation Monitoring
Centre, UK
16:40-17:00 National Domestication of the Convention on
Biological Diversity: Elements of a Model Law
Prof. J.B. Ojwang, African Centre for Technology
Studies, Nairobi
17:00-17:45 Discussion
Dinner Speech (Panafric Hotel)
Facilitator: Dr. Abdulqawi Yusuf, UNCTAD, New York
18:45-20:00 Dinner
20:00-20:30 Access to and Transfer of Biotechnology:
Blind Alleys and Windows of Opportunity
Dr. Calestous Juma, ACTS
20:30-20:45 Response
Mr. Ulf Svensson, Swedish Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Stockholm
20:45-21:30 Discussion
Friday January 29
Session 11: Closing Session
Chair: Ambassador Vicente Snchez
09:00-10:00 Conference Bureau Meeting (Conference Room)
10:00-10:10 Draft Conference Statement
Dr. Calestous Juma
10:10-11:10 Discussion
11:10-11:20 From Nairobi to Trondheim
Dr. Peter Johan Schei, Directorate of Nature
Conservation, Norway
11:20-11:40 A Look into the Future
Ambassador Vicente Snchez
11:40-12:00 Closing Remarks
United Nations Environment Programme
Press Conference
13:00-14:00 Conference Bureau Meeting (Panafric Hotel)
14:00-15:00 Press Conference (Panafric Hotel)
Arman Aardal, Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission of
Norway to UNEP and habitat, P.O. Box 48223, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.:
(254) 2 723248; Fax: 723573.
Barack Abayo, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P.O. Box 20412,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 32891/2 Ext. 241.
Amrita N. Achanta, Tata Energy Research Institute, 9, Jor Bagh,
New Delhi, India. Tel.: 615032, 617025, 690503; Fax: (91) 11
4621770.
Wale Ajai, Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies,
University of Lagos Campus, P.M.B. 12820, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
Tel.: (234) 01-821 752/753/109/711; Fax: (234) 825 558; Telex:
27506.
Shadrack B. Amakoye, Executive Co-ordinator, Journalists for the
Environment (K), P.O. Box 70939 , Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2
540280, 336578; Fax: 502348.
Joy Asiema, African Centre for Technology Studies, P.O. Box
45917, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 744047/95; Fax: 743995.
Frank Attere, Sub-Saharan Africa Programme for the International
Board for Plant Genetic Resources (ibpgr), P.O. Box 30709,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 632054; Telex: 22040; Fax: 631499.
Kennedy Wanyonyi Barasa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
International Cooperation, P.O. Box 30551, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.:
(254) 2 334433.
A. Benjaminsen, United Nations Development Programme (undp), P.O.
Box 9182, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel.: (255) 051-46711; Fax:
46718; Telex: 41284.
R.L. Baker, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ilca),
P.O. Box 46847, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 632013, 632093,
632066, 632122, 632129; Fax: (254) 2 6315481; Telex: 25747.
Simone Bilderbeek, Netherlands National Committee for iucn,
Plantage Middenlaan 2B, 1018 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.:
(31) 20-6261732; Fax: 6279349.
Douglas Boland, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
(icraf), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 446187;
Fax: 521001; Telex: 22048.
Myrna Bolay, Philippines Delegation to UNEP, P.O. Box 46057,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 560381.
Katrina Brown, Centre for Social and Economic Research on Global
Environment (cserge), School of Environmental Science, University
of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. Tel.: (44) 603 56161,
593176; Fax: (44) 603 250588.
John D. Buffington, US Department of the Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, dc 20240, USA. Tel.: (1)
202-208-6393; Fax: 208-4674.
Marie Kristina Bystrom, Environment Programme Officer, Natural
Resources Management Division, Swedish International Development
Authority (SIDA), S-105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: (46) 8 728
5100; Fax: 8 612 09 76.
Arthur Campeau, Office of the Ministry of Environment, 10
Wellington St., Ottawa, Canada. Tel.: (1) 819 953 9209; Fax: 819
953 9446.
Javier Diaz Carmona, Deputy Director of Commercial and Economic
Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, P.O. Box 1143-1250 Esczu,
San Jos, Costa Rica. Tel.: (506) 22-2284; Fax: 23-9328.
Paul Chabeda, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), P.O.
Box 45699, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 520600/230800; Fax:
226886.
Janet Collett, Department of Biology, University of Sussex,
Falmer, Brighton, UK. Tel.: (44) 0273 606755.
Feargal Duff, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), P.O.
Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: 520600/230800.
Margaret I. Evans, Christian Michelsen Institute, Fantoftvegen
38, N-5036 , Fantoft, Norway. Tel.: (47) 5 57 40 00; Fax: 5 57
41 66.
John Wilson Forje, Centre for Action Oriented Research on African
Development, B.P. 13429, Yaounde, Cameroon. Tel.: (237) 23 18 25;
Fax: 23 59 23; Telex: 1140 KN PUB CAS.
Alison Field-Juma, Initiatives Publishers, P.O. Box 69313,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 744047; Fax: 743995.
Esbern Friis-Hansen, Centre for Development Research, Gammel
Kongevej 5, DK-1610, Copenhagen, Denmark. Fax: (45) 33258110;
Tel.: 33251200.
German Garcia-Duran, Embassy of Colombia, P.O. Box 48494,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 765927/515; Fax 765911.
Ali Golmirzaie, International Potato Centre (cip), Apartado 5969,
Lima, Peru. Tel.: (51) 14-366920, 354354; Fax: 351570; Telex:
25672 PE.
Luigi Guarino, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
(ibpgr), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 632054;
Fax: 631499; Telex: 22040.
Gudrun Henne, University of Berlin, Yorckstrasse 75, 1000,
Beringi 61, Germany. Tel.: (49) 30-7856427.
Henk Hobbelink, Genetic Resources Action International, Jonqueras
16-6. D, Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: (34) 3 310 590 9; Fax: 3 310 595
2.
Kazuaki Hoshino, Embassy of Japan, P.O. Box 60202, Nairobi,
Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2-332955 ; Fax: 216530.
Paul Husallah, TransWorld Radio, P.O. Box 21514, Nairobi, Kenya.
Manuel Illescas, Spanish Patent and Trade Marks Office, 1 Panama
St. 28071, Madrid, Spain. Tel.: (34) 1-95310; Fax: 2592428/457
2586.
Hanna Jaenicke, International Council for Research in
Agroforestry (icraf), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254)
2 521450.
Timothy Johnson, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219
Huntington Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Tel.:
0223-277314; Fax: 0223-277136.
Calestous Juma, Executive Director, African Centre for Technology
Studies, P.O. Box 69313, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 744095;
Fax: 743995.
Peter R. Jutro, Senior Scientist, United States Environmental
Protection Agency (epa), RD-682, Washington, dc 20460 USA. Tel.:
(1) 202-260-5937; Fax: 202-260-6370.
Mafura Gilbert Kabelo, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs,
P.O. Box 630, Maseru, Lesotho. Tel.: (266) 31100; Fax: 310281;
Telex: 0963-4429 LO.
Christine Sophie Kabuye, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box
45166, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 743513; Fax: 741424.
Moses Kakoi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation, P.O. Box 30551, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2
334433.
Byarugaba A. Kamara, Environment Management Officer, Division of
Environment, P.O. Box 72243, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel.: (255)
51 35926, 27271; Fax: 23230; Telex: 41725 NARETO Tanzania.
Anthony Kamau, Nation Newspapers Limited, P.O. Box 49010,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 221422.
Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Faculty of Law, University of Nairobi,
P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 742261.
Jane N. Kavuma, Office of the Commissioner for Environment
Protection, Ministry of Water, Energy, Minerals and Environment
Protection, P.O. Box 9629, Kampala, Uganda. Tel.: (256) 255473,
257976, 245623; Telex: 62216 ENVIRO UG.
Keita Kemoko, Embassy of Guinea in Ethiopia, B.P. 1190, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel.: (251) 1 651308, 651250; Fax: 651250.
D. Kihika Kiambi, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
(ibpgr), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 632054;
Fax: 631499.
Wachira Kigotho, Standard Newspapers Limited, P.O. Box 30080,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 540280.
Barbara Eleanor Kirsop, Biostrategy Associates, wfcc Biodiversity
B1N21, 10 Waterside, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4AZ, UK. Tel.: (44)
353 663562; Fax: 663 436; E-Mail: BT Gold 75:DBI0005 Internet:
barbara @biostrat.demon.co.uk.
Veit Koester, The National Forest and Nature Agency, Ministry of
the Environment, Skov-og Naturstyrelsen, Slotsmarken 13, DK-2970
Hoersholh, Denmark. Tel.: (45) 45 76 5376; Fax: (45) 45 76 54 77.
Ashish Kothari, Indian Institute of Public Administration,
Indraprastha Estate, Ring Road, New Delhi-110002, India. Tel.:
(91) 11 3317309; Fax: 46 26 837.
Hartmut Krugmann, International Development Research Centre
(IDRC), P.O. Box 62084, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 330850;
Fax: 214583; Telex: 23062.
Jillian Lenne, Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue,
Chatham Maritime Kent, UK. Tel.: (44) 634 880088; Fax: 06 34
880066/77.
Edmundo Libid, Embassy of Philippines, P.O. Box 47941, Nairobi,
Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 721791, 725892; Fax: 725897.
Charles A. Liburd, Embassy of the Republic of Guyana, P.O. Box
42617, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 561048; Fax: 334670.
Jan Olof Lundberg, Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with
Developing Countries (SAREC), P.O. Box 16140, S-10323, Stockholm,
Sweden. Tel.: (46) 8-7912153; Fax: 7912199.
Lill Lundgren, Swedforest International AB, Box 154, S-182 12,
Danderyd, Sweden.
Evans Luseno, Kenya Times, P.O. Box 73498, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.:
(254) 2 337480; Fax: 337798; Telex: 25008.
Donald E. MacLauchlan, US International Association of Fish and
Wildlife Agencies, 444 N. Capitol St., Suite 544, Washington, dc
20001, USA. Tel.: (1) 202-624-7890; Fax: 202-624-7891.
Etta Rachel MMangisa, Department of Research and Environmental
Affairs, P.O. Box 30745, Lilongwe, Malawi. Tel.: (265) 78111.
Chris Mapanga, High Commission of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 30806,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 721045/49.
Caroline Martinet, iucn-The World Conservation Union, Gland,
Switzerland.
Wilson Masilingi, Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and
Environment, P.O. Box 63154, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel.: (255)
34603, 27815, 27816; Fax: 23230; Telex: 41959 NEMACO TZ.
Joseph Zano Matowanyika, iucn-World Conservation Union, P.O. Box
745, 6 Lanark Road, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel.: (263) 4-728266/7;
Fax: 720738; Telex: 226670.
Charles McNeill, Global Environmnent Facility (gef), undp,
Regional Bureau for Africa, One UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017,
USA. Tel.: (1) 212-906-5960; Fax: 212-906-5423/212-906-5974;
E-Mail: charles. mcneill @ undp. org.
Kenton Miller, World Resources Institute (wri),1709 New York
Avenue NW, Washington, dc 20006, USA. Tel.: (1) 202-662-2582;
Fax: 202-638-0036.
Edith Mneney, Faculty of Law, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box
30197, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 742261.
John Mugabe, ACTS Biopolicy Institute, Witmakersstraat 10, 6211
JB Maastricht, The Netherlands. Tel.: (31) 43 258499; Fax:
258433.
Doris N. Mutta, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, P.O. Box
20412, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 0154-32891; Fax: 0154-32844.
Inger Naess, Ministry of Environment, P.O. Box 8013 Dep., 0030,
Oslo, Norway. Tel.: (47) 22 345851, 22 345834; Fax: (47) 22
342756, 02-342756.
Effiong Ndekhedekhe, Nigeria High Commission, P.O. Box 30516,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 564116/8.
Julia Ndungu, International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
(icraf), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 521450;
Fax: 521001.
Pauline Ngunjiri, Transworld Radio, P.O. Box 21515, Nairobi,
Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 560552.
Fleur Ngweno, Rainbow Magazine, P.O. Box 42271, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tel.: (254) 2 724137, 724166; Fax: 222555.
Steven Njuguna, iucn, P.O. Box 68200, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254)
2 502650; Fax: 608026.
Andronica Ntlhakana, Lesotho Permanent Mission, P.O. Box 44096,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 217785, 219256; Fax: 337493.
Jared Odera Nyagua, Chief Examination Officer, Kenya Industrial
Property Office, P.O. Box 30568, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2
332227.
Zerubabel Mijumbi Nyiira, Uganda National Council for Science and
Technology, P.O. Box 6884, Kampala, Uganda. Tel.: (256)
041-530003.
Jackton B. Ojwang, Faculty of Law, University of Nairobi, P.O.
Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 742261-4; Fax: 743995;
Telex: 22095 Varsity KE.
Charles Odidi Okidi, School of Environmental Studies, Moi
University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya. Tel.: (254)
0321-43119; Fax: 0321-43149.
Bede N. Okigbo, United Nations University Programme on Natural
Resources in Africa, c/o unesco/rosca, P.O. Box 30592, Nairobi,
Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 520043, 520600 Ext 3956; Fax: 520043; Telex:
22275-Nairobi.
Norah Olembo, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi,
P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 442121.
George Omolo Ondenge, Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources, P.O. Box 67839, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 218079.
J.M.A. Opio-Odongo, Uganda Cooperative Alliance, P.O. Box 2215,
Kampala, Uganda. Tel.: (256) 041 258898; Fax: 041 254495.
Peter Oriare, Nation Newspapers Limited, P.O. Box 49010, Nairobi,
Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 221222.
Diane Osgood, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), P.O.
Box 47074, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 520600.
A.A. Oteng-Yeboah, Department of Botany, University of Ghana,
P.O. Box 55, Legon, Ghana. Tel.: (Accra) 75381 Ext 357.
Alberto Lenyi Otieno, P.O. Box 70939, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254)
2 502348.
Philip R.O. Owade, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation, P.O. Box 30551, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2
334433.
Robin J. Pistorius, University of Amsterdam, Department of
International Relations and Public International Law, Oudezijds
Achterburgwal 237, 1012 DL Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: (31)
205252177; Fax: 205252086.
Darrell A. Posey, St. Anthonys College, Oxford University, Oxford
OX2 6JF England. Tel.: (44) 865-59651; Fax. 865-310518.
Christian Prip, Ministry of the Environment, Sho-roq
Naturstyrelsen, Slatsman 13, 2970, Horsholm, Denmark. Tel.: (45)
31-627051.
J.E.O. Rege, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ilca),
P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel.: (251) 1-613215; Fax:
611892.
Walter Reid, World Resources Institute (wri), 1709 New York
Avenue NW, Washington, dc 20006 USA. Tel.: (1) 202-638-6300; Fax:
202 638-0036.
Kristin Rosendal, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Fridtjof Nansen
Institute V.17, P.O. Box 326 , N-1324 Lysaker, Norway. Tel.: (47)
2-538912; Fax: 2-125047.
Severine M. Rugumamu, Institute of Development Studies,
University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35169, Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania. Tel.: 255 51 49160, 49192/9 Ext. 2600/2601; Fax: 48224,
48347, 49052, 48274; Telex: 41327 UNISCIE TZ, 41561 UNIVIP TZ,
41854 UNENG TZ.
Ana Maria A. Ruiz, Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to UNEP, P.O.
Box 76639, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 721845; Fax: 500226.
Jukka Salo, Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation, Pohj. Hesperiank 3A,
IN- 00260 Helsinki, Finland. Tel.: (90) 406 616, +358 0 406 616;
Fax: (90) 406 684, +358 0 406 684.
Vicente Snchez, Chilean Ambassador to Kenya, Embassy of Chile,
P.O. Box 45554, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 337987; Fax:
215648.
Peter Johan Schei, Ministry of the Environment, Box 8013, 003,
Oslo, DEP, Norway. Tel.: (47) 2 345806, 7580509; Fax: 2349561,
7915433.
Manfred Schneider, Austrian Federal Environmental Agency,
Spittelauerlande 5 A-1090, Vienna, Austria. Tel.: (+43 222)
31304-548; Fax: 31304-400.
Beatriz Schulthess, Earth Council, P.O. Box 323-1001, Paseo de
Estudiantes, San Jos, Costa Rica. Tel.: (506) 233418; Fax: (506)
552197.
A.M. Sendaro, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya.
Tel.: (254) 0321-43001-8, 43620; Fax: 32-1-43047.
Cyriaque Sendashonga, United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 520600.
Lucas Ondieki Sese, Kenya Industrial Property Office, P.O. Box
51648, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 332648.
Joon-Hwan Shin, Forestry Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of
Korea. Tel.: (82) 02-961-2542; Fax: 02-967-5101.
Ken Shipley, Rural Advancement Foundation International (rafi),
Suite 504-71 Bank St., Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5N2, Canada. Tel.: (1)
613-567-6880; Fax: 613-567-6884.
Vandana Shiva, Research Foundation for Science, Technology and
Natural Resources Policy, 105 Rajpur Road, Dehra Dun-248 001,
India. Fax: (91) 11 46 26699.
Debra Simpson, African Centre for Technology Studies, P.O. Box
45917, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 747444; Fax: 743 995.
Asenath Sigot, Associate Professor of Home Economics, Maseno
University College, P.O. Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya. Tel.: (254)
035-51268.
Bernard M. Sihanya, African Centre for Technology Studies, P.O.
Box 45917, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 744047; Fax: 743995.
Michael Sthl, Regional Soil Conservation Unit (rscu), Swedish
International Development Authority (SIDA), P.O. Box 30600,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 229042; Fax: 338612.
Pavel Suian, Ministry of Environment, Bulevard Primaverii M.15,
Bucharest, Romania. Tel.: (40) 1 3125028; Fax: 1 9001329.
Hanne Svarstad, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 33333, Dar
es Salaam, Tanzania. Fax c/o Tor Benjaminsen, undp (255) 51 46718
(Dar es Salaam).
Ulf Svensson, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, S-103 33, Stockholm,
Sweden. Tel.: (46) 08-7866425; Fax: 8 24 16 29.
Shibru Tedla, Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society,
P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel.: (251) 1 137438; Fax:
515366/754066.
Berhan Gebre Egziabher Tewolde, National Conservation Strategy
Secretariat, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel.: (251)
1-128973.
Oystein B. Thommessen, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, P.O. Box 326,
N-1324 Lysauer, Norway. Tel.: (47) 2-538912; Fax: 2-125648.
Stephan Vavrik, Austrian Embassy, P.O. Box 30560, Nairobi, Kenya.
Tel.: (254) 2 228282; Fax: 331792.
Joachim Voss, International Development Research Centre (IDRC),
250 Albert St., P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada. Fax: (1) 613
2366163.
John S. Whiting, Canadian Centre for Biodiversity, 49 Aldgate
Crescent, Nepean, Ontario, Canada. Tel.: (1) 613-825-4617; Fax:
613-825-7531.
Timothy Wichert, African Centre for Technology Studies, P.O. Box
45917, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 747444; Fax: 743995.
Anders Wijkman, Swedish Agency for Research, Cooperation with
Developing Countries (SAREC), P.O. Box 16140, S-10323, Stockholm,
Sweden. Tel.: (46) 8-791 21 00; Fax: 791 21 99.
David Wood, International Germplasm Associates, 12A Prospect Row,
Old Brompton, Gillingham, ME7 5AL, Kent, England. Tel.: (44) 634
827455; Fax: 840998.
Insu Yee, Environmental Attache, Korean Embassy, P.O. Box 30455,
Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 333582.
Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (unctad), Office of the Secretary-General of the
Conference, 2 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA. Tel.: (1)
212-963-6896; Fax: 212 963 0027.
Hamdallah Zedan, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: (254) 2 520600.
Charles Zerner, Rainforest Alliance, 65 Bleecker Street, New
York, NY 10012, USA. Tel.: (1) 212-677-1900; Fax: 212-677-2187.
Acknowledgements
The African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) and the
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) wish to thank the donors
to the conference as well as individuals who performed various
tasks. We wish to thank H.E. Dr. Vicente Snchez (Conference
Chairman), Dr. Calestous Juma (Conference Secretary), Ms. Joy
Asiema (Conference Co-ordinator), Mr. John Mugabe
(Rapporteur-General) and Mr. Bernard Sihanya (Rapporteur) and the
conference staff for guiding the conference. We also wish to
recognize the staff of the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), particularly Prof. Reuben Olembo and the Biodiversity and
Biotechnology Section, for their support, encouragement and
co-operation.
Other persons whose contributions we wish to acknowledge are:
Ms.Simone Bilderbeek (Netherlands Committee for iucn, The
Netherlands), Ms. Marie Bystrm (Swedish International Development
Authority, Stockholm), Dr. Paul Chabeda (United Nations
Environment Programme), Dr. Feargal Duff (United Nations
Environment Programme), Dr. Peter Jutro (Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, dc), Ms. Patricia Kameri-Mbote (University
of Nairobi), Mr. Veit Koester (Ministry of the Environment,
Denmark), Dr. Lars Kristoferson (Stockholm Environment Institute,
Stockholm), Mr. Wilson Masilingi (Ministry of Tourism, Natural
Resources and Environment, Dar es Salaam), Dr. Kenton Miller
(World Resources Institute, Washington, dc), Ms. Edith Mneney
(University of Nairobi), Dr. Peter Johan Schei (Ministry of
Environment, Norway), Dr. Cyriaque Sendashonga (United Nations
Environment Programme), Dr. Vandana Shiva (Research Foundation
for Science, Technology and Natural Resources, Dehradun, India),
Mr. Ulf Svensson (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Stockholm), Dr.
Berhan Gebre Egziabher Tewolde (National Conservation Strategy
Secretariat, Addis Ababa), Dr. Abdulqawi Yusuf (United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development, New York) and Dr. Hamdallah
Zedan (United Nations Environment Programme).
Sponsors
Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA)
Government of Norway
Initiatives Limited
International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Pew Scholars Programme in Conservation and the Environment
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing
Countries (SAREC)
Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)
Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
World Resources Institute (wri)
wri/iucn/unep Biodiversity Programme
Supporters
African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS)
Government of Kenya
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
Initiatives Limited
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