|
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz
ISSN: 1678-8060 EISSN: 1678-8060
Vol. 95, Num. s1, 2000, pp. 109-118
|
Untitled Document
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo
Cruz vol.95 s.1 Rio de Janeiro 2000 pp. 109-118
The Taxonomy
of Brazilian Insects Vectors of Transmissible Diseases (1900-2000) - Then and
Now
Nelson Papavero/+,
José Henrique Guimarães*
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas
e Ambientais, Universidade Santa Úrsula, Rua Fernando Ferrari 75, 22231-040
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil *Seção de Parasitoses, Instituto Biológico, Secretaria
da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
+Corresponding
author. Fax +55-21-557.7854. *CNPq fellow
Received 7 August 2000
Accepted 4 September 2000
Code Number: OC00167
A brief historical overview
is given of the most relevant taxonomic studies of insect groups vectors of
transmissible diseases in Brazil, from the "heroic" times of the foundation
of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro up to the present. The following
orders are considered: Phthiraptera (Anoplura, Amblycera and Ischnocera), Hemiptera
(Reduviidae: Triatominae), Siphonaptera and Diptera (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae,
Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Chloropidae and Muscidae).
The most important Brazilian collections of each group are cited.
Key words: Brazil - insect
vectors - taxonomy - history of studies - 20th century
PHTHIRAPTERA
Three suborders occur in Brazil:
Anoplura, Amblycera, and Ischnocera, the latter two united before under the
Order Mallophaga, which Lyal (1985) showed to be paraphyletic.
Anoplura - Over 550
species in 49 genera and 15 families are known in the world. Hopkins (1949)
presented a list of the hosts of all the species of Anoplura described until
then. The family classification was studied by Kim and Ludwig (1978), and Kim
(1988) studied the evolutionary parallelism in Anoplura and eutherian mammals.
Barker (1994) published the phylogeny and classification, origins and coevolution
of host associations of the lice. Durden and Musser (1994a,b) produced a checklist
for the species of the world, with a list of the hosts. For the taxonomy of
the world Anoplura, the works of Ferris (1919, 1921, 1951) are still the standard
references. The study of this group among us had its main authority in FL Werneck
(1932a, 1933, 1934, 1937, 1952, 1953a,b, 1955), researcher of the Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz. The Haematopinidae parasitize ungulates; the Linognathidae, dogs
and ruminants; the Pediculidae, primates; the Hoplopleuridae are in general
parasites of rodents; the Echinophthiridae parasitize marine mammals; and the
Neolignathidae are parasites of insectivorous mammals. There are no Anoplura
parasitic upon birds.
Amblycera - The Amblycera
are ectoparasites of birds, marsupials, carnivores and rodents. Clay's works
(1969, 1970) are classical references for this group. In Brazil, Werneck (1948)
contributed to our knowledge of the Amblycera of mammals.
Ischnocera - Over 600
species, in 106 genera distributed among three families are known for the world.
The only monograph available for Brazilian Ischnocera parasitic on mammals is
still Werneck's treatise (1948, 1950).
A basic work on all the Phthiraptera
of Brazil (and all other arthropods) of veterinary importance is being prepared
by Guimarães, Tucci, Barros-Battesti ("Ectoparasitas de Importância Vete-rinária",
manusc. in preparation).
There are no large and organized
collections of this order in Brazil, except for those of the Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz and the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo.
HEMIPTERA (REDUVIIDAE,
TRIATOMINAE)
Taxonomically speaking, this
is by far the best known group of insects of medical and veterinary importance,
whose study has been traditional at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz throughout this
century. Two monumental works on these insects, vectors of Chagas disease, were
prepared by Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979) and most recently by Carcavallo et al.
(1998). All the information available is given in those outstanding revisions.
SIPHONAPTERA
The pioneer study of Brazilian
Siphonaptera was undertaken by AR Cunha, in a thesis prepared in the Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, and published in 1914. In 1946 appeared the classical monograph
by Lima and Hathaway, another contribution from the same Institute. Hopkins
and Rothschild (1953-1971) published a monograph of the order, based on the
Rothschild collection. Holland (1964) contributed to our knowledge of the evolution,
classification and host relationships of the Siphonaptera. The most recent survey
of the fleas of Brazil was prepared by Linardi and Guimarães (2000), in whose
book 50 species, distributed among 20 genera and 8 families, are treated (cf.
Table I). In addition to the
taxonomy of the group, the authors dealt with the parasitological importance
of fleas, the methods of study, the interactions fleas/hosts, considering also
the biology, control, morphology and systematics of the Siphonaptera; in appendices
they included the geographic distribution of the species and subspecies of fleas
per Brazilian state and a list of their known hosts.
Besides the collection of
the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, where the Costa Lima collection is housed, the most
important collections of fleas are deposited in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade
de São Paulo, in São Paulo (organized by Lindolpho Rocha Guimarães) and in the
Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (organized by Pedro Marcos Linardi).
DIPTERA
From the publication of the
tenth edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, in 1758, up to the first
four years of the 20th century, 40 authors (C Linnaeus, C Linnaeus Jr, JC Fabricius,
PA Latreille, KP Thunberg, WF Erichson, JAM Perty, CRW Wiedemann, FE Guérin-Méneville,
GA Olivier, JB Robineau-Desvoidy, PJM Macquart, CH Blanchard, JA Laboulbène,
JMF Bigot, JO Westwood, F Walker, RA Philippi, CG Thomson, FM Brauer, CEA Gerstaecker,
H Loew, J Mik, V von Roeder, E Rübsaamen, IR Schiner, D Bilimek, the brothers
Félix and Enrique Lynch Arribálzaga, C Rondani, L Bellardi, E Giglio-Tos, H
Weyenbergh, FM van der Wulp, Fritz Müller, Emil A Goeldi, EE Austen, CR Osten
Sacken, SW Williston and JM Aldrich) have studied the taxonomy of Neotropical
Diptera. The types of the species were deposited in the various museums of Europe
and the United States (cf. Papavero, 1971-1973). In Brazil, up to the foundation
of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, practically there existed neither collections
nor specialized literature. In the turn of the century (1900-1901), the first
catalogue of Neotropical Diptera was published by WD Hunter, albeit incomplete,
as it only contemplated the Nematocera and part of the Brachycera (only the
Homoeodactyla and the Mydidae). Between 1902 and 1910, Kolomán Kertész published
his world catalogue of Diptera, which was also left incomplete.
This was the picture met with
by the researchers of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (and Emil August Goeldi in
Belém, Pará), in the first years of the 20th century, when, pressed by serious
problems of public health, they had to begin studying the Brazilian species
of Diptera that were vectors of several diseases.
Culicidae - Of foremost
importance were the mosquitoes. The pioneer studies of this family in Brazil
were undertakewn by Goeldi (1902, 1904a,b, 1905) in Belém, Pará; by Bourroul
(1904); and by several researchers in Rio de Janeiro, mainly at the Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, such as Oswaldo Cruz himself (1901, 1906, 1907a,b), Adolpho Lutz
(1904, 1905b, 1921), Lutz and Neiva (1913), Neiva (1906, 1908a,b), Neiva and
Pinto (1922a,b,c, 1923), Peryassú (1908, 1921a,b, 1922a,b, 1923a,b,c, 1925;
about Peryassú's collection, now in the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, cf.
Khoury 1995). Dyar (1928) wrote a monograph of the mosquitoes of the Americas.
The first modern monograph on the Brazilian fauna was prepared by Lane (1953),
who was also responsible for the formation of an extremely important collection
in the now Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, later expanded
by OP Forattini, who also has contributed to our knowledge of this group (cf.
Forattini 1962-1965, 1996). The knowledge of the species of mosquitoes grew
rapidly, and catalogues had to be prepared, the most important one by Stone
et al. (1959), with supplements by Stone (1961, 1963, 1967, 1970,
1971) and its second revised edition by Knight and Stone (1977), followed by
supplements sponsored by Knight (1978) and Ward (1992). The knowledge of immature
stages of mosquitoes also grew rapidly and several important papers were published
on this subject (e. g., Darsie Jr & Clark-Gill 1982, González & Darsie
Jr 1996). For the identification of adults of mosquito genera of the world Rueda
et al. prepared a key, appeared in CD-Rom form (1998). Consoli
and Oliveira, following the tradition of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, prepared
a basic work on Brazilian mosquitoes of sanitary importance (1994). Many sizable
collections exist in the country, some of which have been catalogued (e. g.,
Forattini et al. 1970-1973; collection of the Faculdade de Saúde
Pública da Universidade de São Paulo); Guedes et al. (1965, 1978);
Marchon-Silva et al. (1996; types in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz);
Wilkem et al. (1980), and Xavier (1973) and Xavier et al.
(1989) (mosquito types of Brazil).
The most recent catalogue
of this family for the Neotropical Region, with an extensive list of references,
was published by Guimarães (1997), including 1,013 species (cf. Table
II).
Ceratopogonidae - As
with the Culicidae, ceratopogonid studies begun in Brazil at the Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz, through the contributions of Lutz (1913b, 1914b). The species of Culicoides
were revised by Forattini (1957) and later by Wirth et al. (1988).
The genera of the family were reviewed by Wirth et al. (1974).
Wirth's catalogue of the Neotropical species (1974) was superseded by the world
catalogue of Borkent and Wirth (1997), which lists 920 species from the Neotropics
(cf. Table III). Kettle (1977)
wrote a comprehensive essay about the biology and bionomics of blood sucking
ceratopogonids (Table III).
Psychodidae (Phlebotominae)
- Lutz and Neiva (1912), and Lima (1932), and other authors, were responsible
for the first studies of phlebotomine sandflies in Brazil. The knowledge of
the group grew exponentially, and modern contributions include the catalogue
of the subfamily by Martins et al. (1978), the main tentatives
of a classification by Theodor (1965), Forattini (1971, 1973), Young and Fairchild
(1974), Lewis et al. (1977) and Williams (1993). Revisions were made by Young
and Fairchild (1974) and Young and Duncan (1994). An article on the biology
of Phlebotominae in relation to leishmaniasis was prepared by Lewis (1974).
The most important collections are deposited in the Universidade Fede-ral de
Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de
São Paulo in São Paulo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro and Museu de
Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo in São Paulo.
Simuliidae - Around
1500 species of blackflies are known in the world, 250 of which in the Neotropical
Region. The family inludes only two subfamilies: Parasimuliinae (with 1 genus),
and Simuliinae, with two tribes - Prosimuliini (with 16 genera) and Simuliinae
(with 2 genera, but the genus Simulium with 45 subgenera, comprising
approximately 90% of the species of the family).
As usual with medically important
Diptera, the first contributions to the taxonomy of this group in Brazil were
made by Lutz (1909, 1910, 1917). There is no recent, comprehensive revision
of this group for the Neotropics. Coscarón (1987) published, however, an important
paper, in which he reviewed most of the species described by earlier authors,
and examined material collected by him in Brazil in the most important localities
explored by those authors. Vulcano's catalogue of the Neotropical species (1967)
is now outdated; it was replaced by the world catalogue of Simuliidae by Crosskey
(1981). For the biology of this group, see, for example, Wenk (1981).
A really good collection of
this family is still lacking in Brazil. The most important ones, however, are
in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de
São Paulo.
Tabanidae - Not surprisingly,
Adolpho Lutz was the responsible for the commencement of the studies of horseflies
in Brazil (Lutz 1905a, 1909a,b, 1911, 1912, 1913a, 1913c, 1914a, 1914c, 1915,
Lutz & Neiva 1914), inclusive of their immature stages (a study which, unfortunately,
never had followers among us), most of the species superbly illustrated in colours,
of a quality never more equalled; his collection was throroughly revised by
Fairchild (1961). Many other authors contributed to the knowledge of the taxonomy
of the group. In 1969 Fairchild prepared an excellent key to the Neotropical
genera, preliminary to his catalogue of the species appeared in 1971. His keys
served as a basis for Coscarón and Papavero's manual for the Neotropical genera
(1993) and the most recent catalogue was sponsored by Fairchild and Burger (1994).
Important collections, besides
the historical Lutz material at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, exist in the Museu
de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo (in São Paulo), Museu Paraense Emílio
Goeldi (Belém, Pará) and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Manaus,
Amazonas).
Chloropidae - It has
recently been demonstrated that representatives of the genera Hippelates
and Liohippelates are associated with Brazilian purpuric fever (Paganelli
& Sabrosky 1993, Tondella et al. 1994). No recent revision
of the species of those chloropid genera exist.
Muscidae (Musca domestica,
Stomoxys calcitrans) - Three "classics" must be
consulted with reference to the two mentioned species of Muscidae: Greenberg
(1971), Zumpt (1973) and Skidmore (1985).
Of general interest for all
families of Diptera, should be cited Sabrosky's recently published book on family-names
in Diptera, with many novelties about nomenclature (1998, in CD-Rom 1999).
REFERENCES
- Barker SC 1994. Phylogeny
and classification, origins and evolution of host associations of lice. Intern
J Parasitol 24: 1285-1291.
[ Medline ]
- Borkent A, Wirth WW 1997.
World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bull Am Mus
Nat Hist 233: 1-257.
- Bourroul C 1904. Mosquitos
do Brasil, PhD Thesis, JB de Oliveira Costa, Salvador, Bahia.
- Carcavallo RV, Girón IG,
Jurberg J, Lent H 1998. Atlas of Chagas' Disease Vectors in the Americas.
Atlas dos Vetores da Doença de Chagas nas Américas, 3 vols, Editora Fiocruz,
Rio de Janeiro.
- Clay T 1969. A key to the
genera of Menoponidae (Amblycera: Mallophaga: Insecta). Bull BMNH Ent
11: 189-244.
- Clay T 1970. The Amblycera
(Phthiraptera: Insecta). Bull BMNH Ent. 25: 73-98.
- Consoli RAGB, Oliveira
RL de 1994. Principais Mosquitos de Importância Sanitária no Brasil,
Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, 228 pp.
- Coscarón S 1987. El
Género Simulium Latreille en la Región Neotropical: Análisis de los Grupos
Supraespecíficos, Especies que los Integran y Distribución Geográfica (Simuliidae,
Diptera, Insecta), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, 111 pp.
- Coscarón S, Papavero N
1993. An Illustrated Manual for the Identification of the Neotropical Genera
and Subgenera of Tabanidae (Diptera), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém,
150 pp.
- Crosskey RW 1981. An annotated
checklist of the world black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). In KC Kim, RW Merritt,
Blackflies: Ecology, Population Management and Annotated World List,
Pennsylvania Sate University Press, p. 425-520.
- Cruz OG 1901. Contribuição
para o estudo dos culicidos do Rio de Janeiro. Brazil méd 15:
423-426.
- Cruz OG 1906. Um novo genero
brasileiro da sub-familia Anophelina. Brazil méd 20: 199-200.
- Cruz OG 1907a. Um novo
genero brasileiro da sub-familia Anophelinae. Brazil méd 21:
271-273.
- Cruz OG 1907b. Uma nova
especie do genero Psorophora. Brazil méd 21: 329-330.
- Cunha R de A 1914. Contribuição
para o Estudo dos Sifonápteros do Brasil, Thesis, Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz & Rodrigues & Cia., Rio de Janeiro, 212 pp. (Also publ. in Mem
Inst Oswaldo Cruz 6, 1914).
- Darsie Jr RF, Clark-Gill
S 1982. Key to mosquito genera of the New World, fourth-stage larvae. In DP
Furman, EP Catts, Manual of Medical Entomology, Press Syndicate of
the University of Cambridge, USA, p. 93-95, 101-103.
- Durden LA, Musser GG 1994a.
The sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura) of the world: A taxonomic checklist with
records of mammalian hosts and geographical distribution. Bull Am Mus Nat
Hist 128: 1-90.
- Durden LA, Musser GG, 1994b.
The mammalian hosts of the sucking lice (Anoplura) of the world: A host-parasite
list. Bull Soc Vector Ecol 19: 130-168.
- Dyar HG 1928. The mosquitoes
of the Americas. Carnegie Inst Wash Publ 357: 1-616.
- Fairchild GB 1961. The
Adolpho Lutz collection of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. The described genera and
species, condition of the collection, and selection of lectotypes. Mem
Inst Oswaldo Cruz 59: 185-249.
- Fairchild GB 1969. Notes
on Neotropical Tabanidae. XII. Classification and distribution, with keys
to genera and subgenera. Arq Zool São Paulo 17: 199-255.
- Fairchild GB 1971. Family
Tabanidae. In N Papavero, A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South
of the United States 28: 1-163, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Paulo.
- Fairchild GB, Burger JF
1994. A catalog of the Tabani-dae (Diptera) of the Americas south of the United
States. Mem Am Ent Inst 55: 249 pp.
- Ferris GF 1919. A catalogue
and host list of the Anoplura. Proc Calif Acad Sci 6: 129-213.
- Ferris GF 1921. Contributions
toward a monograph of the sucking lice. Part II. Stanford Univ Publs (Biol
Sci) 2: 1-634.
- Ferris GF 1951. The sucking
lice. Mem Pacific Coast Ent Soc 1: 1-320.
- Forattini OP 1957. Culicoides
da Região Neotropical (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Arq Fac Hig Saúde Públ
Univ São Paulo 11: 161-526.
- Forattini OP 1962-1965.
Entomologia Médica. Vol. I, Parte Geral. Diptera: Anophelini,
662 pp., 1962; Vol. II, Culicini: Aedes e Psorophora, 506 pp., 1962;
Vol. III, Culicini: Haemagogus, Mansonia, Culiseta, Sabethini, Toxorhynchitini,
Arboviroses. Filariose bancroftiana. Genética, 415 pp., 1965, Faculdade
de Higiene e Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
- Forattini OP 1971. Sobre
a classificação da subfamília Phlebotominae nas Américas (Diptera, Psychodidae).
Papéis Avulsos Zool São Paulo 24: 93-111.
- Forattini OP 1973. Entomologia
Médica. Vol. 4, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae, Leishmanioses, Bartonelose,
Edgar Blücher & Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 658 pp.
- Forattini OP 1996. Culicidologia
Médica. Vol. 1, Principios Gerais, Morfologia, Glossário Taxonômico,
Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 548 pp.
- Forattini OP, Rabello EX,
Cotrim MD 1971-1973. Catálogo das coleções entomológicas da Faculdade de Saúde
Pública da Universidade de São Paulo. Culicidae. Revta Saúde Públ São Paulo
4(no esp): 1-100, 1971; 7(no esp): 453-479,
1973.
- Goeldi EA 1902. Os Mosquitos
do Pará, Encarados como uma Calamidade Pública. Diário Oficial, Belém
do Pará, 58 pp. (Also publ. in Brazil méd 16: 480-482; 17:
5-8, 25-28, 35-38, 43-45, 1902).
- Goeldi EA 1904a. Os mosquitos
no Pará. Resumo provisorio dos resultados da campanha de experiências executadas
em 1903 especialmente em relação às especies Stegomyia fasciata e Culex
fatigans, sob o ponto de vista sanitario. Bol Mus Goeldi 4:
129.
- Goeldi EA 1904b. Stegomyia
fasciata, der das Gelbfieber übertragende Mosquito und der gegenwärtige
Stand der Kenntnis über die Ursache dieser Krankheit. Vortrag aud fem
Internationale Zoologen-Kongress in Bern, Sektion für Allgemene Zoologie,
15, August 1904.
- Goeldi EA 1905. Os mosquitos
no Pará. Reunião de quatro trabalhos sobre os mosquitos indígenas, principalmente
as especies que molestam o homem. Mem Mus Goeldi 4: 1-152.
- González R, Darsie Jr RF
1996. Clave ilustrada para la determinación genérica de larvas de Culicidae
de Colombia y del Nuevo Mundo. Bol Mus Ent Univ Valle 4: 21-37.
- Greenberg, B 1971. Flies
and Disease. Classification and Biotic Associations, Princeton University,
New Jersey, 856 pp.
- Guedes AS, Souza MA de,
Maciel CS, Xavier SH 1965. Catálogo ilustrado dos mosquitos da coleção do
Instituto Nacional de Endemias Rurais. I. Gênero Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy,
1827. Revta Bras Malariol Doenç Trop 17: 3-14.
- Guedes AS, Xavier SH, Mascarenhas
CS, Ferreira MFL, 1978. Catálogo da coleção do Laboratório de Entomologia
do Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. II. Gêneros Aedeomyia
Theobald 1901, Orthopodomyia Theobald 1904 (Diptera, Culicidae). Ci
Cult 30: 1111-1116.
- Guimarães JH 1997. Systematic
Database of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Family
Culicidae, Editora Plêiade & Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado
de São Paulo, São Paulo, 286 pp.
- Holland GP 1964. Evolution,
classification, and the host relationships of Siphonaptera. Annual Rev
Ent 9: 123-146.
- Hopkins GHE 1949. The host-associations
of the lice of mammals. Proc Zool Soc London 11: 387-604.
- Hopkins GHE, Rothschild
M 1953. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas
(Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. I, Tungidae
and Pulicidae, British Museum (Natural History), London, 361 pp.
- Hopkins GHE, Rothschild
M 1956. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas
(Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. II, Cotopsyllidae,
Vermipsyllidae, Stephano-circidae, Ischnopsyllidae, Hypsophthalmidae, and
Xiphiopsyllidae, British Museum (Natural History), London, 445 pp.
- Hopkins GHE, Rothschild
M 1962. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas
(Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History). With Keys and
Short Descriptions for the Identification of Families, Genera, Species and
Subspecies of the Order. Vol. III, Hystricopsyllidae (Anomio-psyllinae, Hystricopsyllinae,
Neopsyllinae, Rhadinopsyllinae and Stenoponiinae), British Museum (Natural
History), London, 560 pp.
- Hopkins GHE, Rothschild
M 1966. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas
(Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History). With keys and Short
Descriptions for the Identification of Families, Genera, Species and Subspecies
of the Order. Vol. IV, Ctenophthalmidae,Dino-psyllidae, Doratopsyllidae and
Listropsyllidae, British Museum (Natural History), London, 549 pp.
- Hopkins GHE, Rothschild
M 1971. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Rothschild Collection of Fleas
(Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History). With Keys and Short
Descriptions for the Identification of Families, Genera, Species and Subspecies
of the Order. Vol. V, Leptopsyllidae and An-cistropsyllidae, British Museum
(Natural History), London, 530 pp.
- Hunter WD 1900-1901. A
catalogue of the Diptera of South America. Part I. Bibliography and Nematocera.
Part II. Homodactyla and Mydiadae [sic]. Trans Am Ent Soc 26: 260-298,
1900; 27: 121-155, 1901.
- Kertész K 1902a. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. I, Museum Nationale Hungaricum,
Budapestini, 339 pp.
- Kertész K 1902b. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. II, Museum Nationale Hungaricum,
Budapestini, 359 pp.
- Kertész K 1908. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. III, Museum Nationale Hungaricum,
Budapestini, 366 pp.
- Kertész K 1909a. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. IV, Museum Nationale Hungaricum,
Budapestini, 349 pp.
- Kertész K 1909b. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. V, Museum Nationale Hun-garicum,
Budapestini, 199 pp.
- Kertész K 1909c. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. VI, Museum Nationale Hungaricum,
Budapestini, 362 pp.
- Kertész K 1910. Catalogus
Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum, Vol. VII, Museum Nationale Hungaricum,
Budapestini, 470 pp.
- Kettle DS 1977. Biology
and bionomics of blood sucking ceratopogonids. Annual Rev Ent 22:
33-51.
- Kim KC 1988. Evolutionary
parallelism in Anoplura and eutherian mammals. Syst Assoc 37:
91-114.
- Kim KC, Ludwig HW 1978.
The family classification of the Anoplura. Syst Ent 3: 249-284.
- Knight KL 1978. Supplement
to a Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World (Diptera, Culicidae). Entomological
Society of America, Thomas Say Foundation Publ 6(Suppl.): 1-107.
- Knight KL, Stone A 1977.
A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae) (2nd ed.). Entomological
Society of America, Thomas Say Foundation Publ 6: 611 pp.
- Khouri A 1995. Sobre a
coleção de anophelineos brasileiros do Museu Nacional. Bol Mus Ent Univ
Valle 3: 29-36.
- Lane J 1953. Neotropical
Culicidae, 2 vols, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
- Lent H, Wygodzinsky P 1979.
Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and their significance
as vectors of Chagas' disease. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 163: 125-520.
- Lewis DJ 1974. The biology
of Phlebotominae in relation to leishmaniasis. Annual Rev Ent 19:
363-384.
- Lewis DJ, Young DG, Fairchild
GB, Minter DM 1977. Proposal for a stable classification of the Phlebotominae
sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Syst Ent 2: 319-332.
- Lima AM da C 1932. Sobre
os phlebotomos americanos (Diptera: Psychodidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
26: 15-69.
- Lima AM da C, Hathaway
CR 1946. Pulgas. Bibliografia, Catálogo e Hospedadores, Mono-grafias
do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 522 pp.
- Linardi PM, Guimarães LR
2000. Sifonápteros do Brasil, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de
São Paulo & Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, São
Paulo, 291 pp.
- Lutz A 1904. Quadro dos
generos da familia Culicidae (2 page folded table). In C Bourroul, q. v.
- Lutz A 1905a. Beiträge
zur Kenntniss der Brasilianischen Tabaniden. Revta Soc Scient São Paulo
1: 19-32.
- Lutz A 1905b. Novas especies
de mosquitos do Brasil. Imprensa méd São Paulo 13: 26-29, 65-69,
81-83, 101-104, 125-128, 169-172, 202-203, 269-271, 287-290, 311-314, 347-350.
- Lutz A 1909a. Collecção
de tabánidas. In Instituto Oswaldo Cruz em Manguinhos, Instituto Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, p. 28-30.
- Lutz A 1909b. Tabaniden
Brasilien und einiger Nachbarstaaten. Zool Jahrb (Suppl. 10) 4:
619-692.
- Lutz A 1909c. Contribuição
para o conhecimento das especies brasileiras do gênero Simulium. Mem
Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1: 124-146.
- Lutz A 1910. Segunda contribuição
para o conhecimento das especies brasileiras do gênero Simulium.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2: 213-267.
- Lutz A 1911. List of Tabanidae.
In Internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung, Dresden, Instituto Oswaldo Cuz em
Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, p. 33-35.
- Lutz A 1912. Contribuição
para a estudo da biologia dos dipteros hematofagos. III. Sangue verde em tabanidas
e outros dipteros. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 4: 79-81.
- Lutz A 1913a. Sobre a systematica
dos tabanideos, subfamilia Tabaninae. Brasil méd 17: 486-490.
- Lutz A 1913b. Contribuição
para o estudo das ceratopogoninas hematofagas do Brazil. Parte sistematica.
Segunda memoria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 5: 45-73.
- Lutz A 1913c Tabanidas
do Brasil e alguns Estados vizinhos. Tabaniden Brasiliens und einiger Nachbarstaaten.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 5: 142-191.
- Lutz A 1914a. Notas dipterologicas.
Contribuição para o conhecimento dos primeiros estados de tabanideos brasileiros.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 6: 43-49.
- Lutz A 1914b. Contribuição
para o estudo das ceratopogoninas hematofagas do Brazil. Terceira memoria.
Aditamento terceiro e descrição de especies que não sugam sangue. Mem Inst
Oswaldo Cruz 6: 81-99.
- Lutz A 1914c. Ueber die
Systematik der Tabaninae, Subfamilie der Tabanidae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
6: 163-168.
- Lutz A 1915. Tabanidas
do Brasil e alguns Estados vizinhos. Segunda memoria. Tabaniden Brasiliens
und einiger Nachbarstaaten. Fortsetzung. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 7:
51-119.
- Lutz A 1917. Terceira contribuição
para o conhecimento das especies brasileiras de Simulium . O piúm do
norte (Simulium amazonicum). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 9:
63-67.
- Lutz A 1921. Culicideos
(Systematica). Chave para os Culicideos. Folha méd 2: 161-163.
- Lutz A, Neiva A 1911. Notas
dipterolojicas. Dipterologische Mitteilungen. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 3:
295-300.
- Lutz A, Neiva A 1912. Contribuição
para o conhecimento das especies do genero Phlebotomus existentes no
Brasil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 4: 84-95.
- Lutz A, Neiva A 1913. Contribuições
para a biolojia das megarhininas com descrições de duas especies novas. Beiträge
zur Biologie der Megarhinen und Beschreibung zweier neuen Arten. Mem Inst
Oswaldo Cruz 5: 129-141.
- Lutz A, Neiva A 1914. As
Tabanidae do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Ueber die Tabaniden des Staates Rio
de Janeiro. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 6: 69-80.
- Lutz A, Araujo HC de S,
Fonseca O da 1918. Viajem scientifica no Rio Paraná, e a Asunción com volta
por Buenos Aires, Montevideo e Rio Grande. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 10:
104-173.
- Lyal CHC 1985. Phylogeny
and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice
(Psocodea: Phthiraptera). Syst Ent 10: 145-165.
- Marchon-Silva,V, Oliveira
RL de, Almeida MD, Vasconcelos AS, Costa J 1996. The type specimens of mosquitoes
(Diptera, Culicidae) deposited in the entomological collection of the Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91:
471-478.
[ Lilacs ]
- Martins AV, Williams P,
Falcão AL 1978. American Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae),
Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, 195 pp.
- Neiva A 1906. Uma nova
especie de anophelina brasileira. Brazil-méd 20: 288-289, ill.
(Also sep. publ., 8, Besnard Frères, Rio de Janeiro, 8 pp, 1906, in the collection
"Trabalhos do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz").
- Neiva A 1908a. Contribuição
ao estudo dos dipteros brasileiros. Uma nova especie de Sabethes. Brazil-méd
22: 351-352.
- Neiva A 1908b. As anophelinas
brazileiras. Revta méd São Paulo 11: 455-459.
- Neiva A, Pinto C 1922a.
Contribuição para o conhecimento das anophelinas do estado de Mato Grosso,
com a descripção de uma especie. Brazil-méd 36: 321-322.
- Neiva A, Pinto C 1922b.
Considerações sobre o genero Cellia Theobald, com a descripção de uma
nova especie. Brazil-méd 36: 355-357.
- Neiva A, Pinto C 1922c.
Comentarios sobre o genero Uranotaenia Arribálzaga [sic] 1891 com descripção
de uma nova especie. Brazil-méd 36: 374.
- Neiva A, Pinto C 1923.
Sobre uma nova anophelina brazileira (Cellia cuyabensis nov. sp.).
Brazil-méd 37: 235-236.
- Paganelli CH, Sabrosky
CW 1993. Hippelates flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) possibly associated
with Brazilian purpuric fever. Proc Ent Soc Wash 95: 165-174.
- Papavero N 1971-1973. Essays
on the History of Neotropical Dipterology, with Special Reference to Collectors
(1750-1905), Vol. I, 216 pp., 1971; Vol. II, p.217-446,
1973, Museu de Zoologia, Universidadede São Paulo, São Paulo.
- Peryassú AG 1908. Os
Culicideos do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, 407 pp.
- Peryassú AG 1921a. Os anophelinos
do Brazil. Arch Mus Nac Rio de Janeiro 23: 5-101.
- Peryassú AG 1921b. Um novo
anophelineo brasileiro. Folha méd 2: 141.
- Peryassú AG 1922a. Uma
nova especie de culicineo brasileiro. Folha méd 3: 117-118.
- Peryassú AG 1922b. Duas
novas especies de mosquitos do Brazil. Folha méd 3: 179.
- Peryassú AG 1923a. Uma
nova especie de mosquito do Brasil. Folha méd 4: 2.
- Peryassú AG 1923b. Uma
nova especie de anophelineo do genero Cyclolepteron. Folha méd
4: 68-69.
- Peryassú AG 1923c. Catalogo
das subfamilias, generos e especies, com sinonimias dos culicideos en-contrados
no Brasil. Folha méd 4: 74-76.
- Peryassú AG 1925. Anopheles
alagoani n. sp. Folha méd 6: 258-259.
- Pinto C 1930. Arthropodes
Parasitos e Transmissores de Doenças, Pimenta de Mello & Cia, Rio
de Janeiro, 395 pp.
- Rueda LM, Stockwell SA,
Pecor JE, Gaffingan TV 1998. Key to the mosquito genera of the world. Diptera
Data Dissemination Disk 1. North American Dipterists Society, c/o Systematic
Entomology Laboratory, USDA, NHB-168 Smithsonian, Washington, D. C. 20560.
- Sabrosky CW, Thompson FC,
Evenhuis NL 1998. Family-group names in Diptera. Diptera Data Dissemination
Disk 1. North American Dipterists Society, c/o Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
USDA, NHB-168 Smithsonian, Washington, D. C. 20560.
- Sabrosky CW 1999. Family-group
names in Diptera. An annotated catalog. Bibliography by F. Christian Thompson,
Neal L. Evenhuis & Curtis W. Sabrosky. Myia 10: 1-576.
- Skidmore P 1985. The
Biology of the Muscidae of the World, W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
- Spinelli G. R. 1998. Ceratopogonidae.
In JJ Morrone, S Coscarón (eds), Biodiversidad de Artrópodos Argentinos.
Una Perspectiva Biotaxonómica, Ediciones Sur, La Plata, p. 314-326.
- Stone A 1961. A synoptic
catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, Suppl. I (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc
Ent Soc Wash 63: 29-52.
- Stone A 1963. A synoptic
catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, Suppl. II (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc
Ent Soc Wash 65: 117-140.
- Stone A 1967. A synoptic
catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, Suppl. III (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc
Ent Soc Wash 69: 197-224.
- Stone A 1970. A synoptic
catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, Suppl. IV (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc
Ent Soc Wash 72: 137-171.
- Stone A 1971. Corrections
to the mosquito catalog supplements III and IV. Proc ent Soc Wash 73:
180.
- Stone A, Knight KL, Starcke
H 1959. A synoptic catalogue of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae).
Entomological Sociey of America. Thomas Say Found Publ 6: 1-358.
- Theodor O 1965. On the
classification of American Phlebotominae. J Med Ent 2: 171-187.
- Tondella ML, Paganelli
CH, Takano IMOA, Irino K, Brandileone MC, Mezzacapa Neto B, Vieira VS, Perkins
BA 1994. Isolation of Haemophilus aegyptius associated with Brazilian
purpuric fever, of Chloropidae (Diptera) of the genera Hippelates and
Liohippelates. Rev Inst Med Trop São
Paulo 3: 105-109.
- Vulcano MA 1967. Family
Simuliidae. In N Papavero, A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South
of the United States 16: 1-44, Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria
da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo.
- Ward RA 1992. Third supplement
to "A Catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae)".
Mosq Syst 24: 177-230.
- Wenk P 1981. Bionomics
of adult blackflies. In Laird, Blackflies, Academic Press, London,
p. 259-279.
- Werneck FL 1932a. Nova
espécie de Anoplura. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 26: 235.
- Werneck FL 1932b. Sobre
uma nova especie de Hopopleura (Nota previa). Revta Méd Cirúrg Bras
12: 345-346.
- Werneck FL 1933. Sobre
duas especies de Anoplura encontradas em ratos sylvestres do Brasil. Mem
Inst Oswaldo Cruz 27: 405-415.
- Werneck FL 1934. Sobre
duas especies de Anoplura encontradas em ratos sylvestres do Brasil. Mem
Inst Oswaldo Cruz 27: 407-421.
- Werneck FL 1937. Algumas
especies e subespecies novas de Anoplura. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 32:
391-410.
- Werneck FL 1941. De um
estranho parasito do cão (Insecta, Mallophaga). Revta Bras Biol 1:
47-55.
- Werneck FL 1942. Pterophthirus
imitans n. sp. Revta Bras Biol 2: 317-320.
- Werneck FL 1948. Os
Malófagos de Mamíferos. Parte I. Amblycera e Ischnocera (Philopteridae e Parte
de Trichodectidae), Edição da Revista Brasileira de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro,
243 pp.
- Werneck FL 1950. Os
Malófagos de Mamíferos. Parte II. Ischnocera (Continuação de Trichodectidae
e Rhynchophthirina), Edição do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro,
207 pp.
- Werneck FL 1952. Contribuição
ao conhecimento dos anopluros. Revta Bras Biol 12: 69-78, 201-210,
421-431.
- Werneck FL 1953. Contribuição
ao conhecimento dos anopluros. Revta Bras Biol 13: 53-64.
- Werneck FL 1954. Contribuição
ao conhecimento dos anopluros. Revta Bras Biol 14: 109-117.
- Werneck FL 1955. Novo anopluro
do leão marinho. Revta Bras Biol 15: 419-421.
- Wilkem MF, Xavier SH, Mattos
SS, Guedes AS, 1980. Catálogo da coleção de entomologia do Centro de Pesquisas
René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Gêneros Anopheles Meigen, 1818
e Chagasia Cruz, 1906 (Diptera, Culicidae). Ci Cult 32:
580-588.
- Williams P 1993. Relationships
of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 88:
177-183.
[ Medline ] [ Lilacs ]
- Wirth WW 1974. Family Ceratopogonidae.
In N Papavero, A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the
United States 14: 1-89, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Paulo.
- Wirth WW, Dyce AL, Spinelli
GR 1988. An atlas of wing photographs, with a summary of the numerical characters
of the Neotropical species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae).
Contr Am Ent Inst 25: 1-72.
- Wirth WW, Ratanaworabhan
NC, Blanton FS 1974. Synopsis of the genera of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera).
Ann Parasit Hum Comp 49: 595-613.
[ Medline ]
- Xavier SH 1973. Mosquito
types of Brazil. Mosq Syst 5: 159-160.
- Xavier SH, Mattos SS, Silva
JE 1989. Mosquito types of Brazil - Supplement. Mosq Syst 21:
50.
- Young DG, Duncan MA 1994.
Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of the Lutzomyia
sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies and South America (Diptera, Psychodidae).
Mem Am Ent Inst 54: 1-881.
- Young DG, Fairchild GB
1974. Studies of Phlebotomine Sand Flies, Department of Entomology
and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 151 pp.
- Zumpt F 1973. The Stomoxyine
Biting Flies of the World. Taxonomy, Biology, Economic Importance and Control
Measures, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 175 pp.
Copyright
2000 Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
Fiocruz
The following images related to this document are available:
Photo images
[oc00167t2a.jpg]
[oc00167t3.jpg]
[oc00167t1.jpg]
|